Stabilnost i antioksidacijska aktivnost antocijanina iz borovnica

Anthocyanins from highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) have tremendous potential as natural colorants and functional food with pharmaceutical purposes in food applications. To exploit the potential for food applications, the stability and antioxidant activity of anthocyanins present in blueberries have been studied. The results indicate that anthocyanins from blueberry were stable against the low pH (≤5.0), NaCl (0.125–0.500 mol/L), sucrose (0.584–2.336 mol/L) and preservative (sodium benzoate, 0.035–0.140 mol/L), but were sensitive to alkaline conditions (≥7.0), high temperature (≥80 °C), light (natural light), oxidizing agent (H2O2, 0.5–2.0 %) and reducing agent (Na2SO3, 0.005–0.040 mol/L). At concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/mL, anthocyanins from blueberry could protect ECV-304 cells against oxidative damage induced by H2O2. These results suggest that anthocyanins from blueberry can be regarded as a potential colorant for some acidic (pH≤5.0) food products and could be used as health food to prevent diseases arising from oxidative processes.Antocijanini iz američkih borovnica (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) koriste se u prehrambenoj industriji kao prirodna bojila i za proizvodnju funkcionalne hrane. Stoga je u radu ispitana stabilnost i antioksidacijska aktivnost antocijanina izoliranih iz borovnica. Rezultati pokazuju da su antocijanini bili stabilni pri niskoj pH-vrijednosti (pH≤5) te malim koncentracijama soli (0,125–0,500 mol/L), saharoze (0,584–2,336 mol/L) i konzervansa natrijeva benzoata (0,035–0,140 mol/L), ali osjetljivi u lužnatoj sredini (pH≥7), pri visokoj temperaturi (≥80 °C), na prirodnom izvoru svjetlosti i u prisutnosti oksidansa (H2O2, 0,5–2 %) i reducensa (Na2SO3, 0,005–0,04 mol/L). Antocijanini iz borovnica u koncentracijama od 25 i 50 μg/mL štite ECV-304 stanice od stresa uzrokovanog dodatkom vodikova peroksida. Rezultati pokazuju da se antocijanini iz borovnica mogu upotrijebiti kao bojilo u proizvodnji hrane male pH-vrijednosti (pH≤5) te u proizvodnji zdrave hrane koja sprječava razvoj bolesti uzrokovanih oksidacijskim stresom

Identification and characterization of genes associated with tapping panel dryness from Hevea brasiliensis latex using suppression subtractive hybridization

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Tapping panel dryness (TPD) is one of the most serious threats to natural rubber production. Although a great deal of effort has been made to study TPD in rubber tree, the molecular mechanisms underlying TPD remain poorly understood. Identification and systematical analyses of the genes associated with TPD are the prerequisites for elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in TPD. The present study is undertaken to generate information about the genes related to TPD in rubber tree.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To identify the genes related to TPD in rubber tree, forward and reverse cDNA libraries from the latex of healthy and TPD trees were constructed using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method. Among the 1106 clones obtained from the two cDNA libraries, 822 clones showed differential expression in two libraries by reverse Northern blot analyses. Sequence analyses indicated that the 822 clones represented 237 unique genes; and most of them have not been reported to be associated with TPD in rubber tree. The expression patterns of 20 differentially expressed genes were further investigated to validate the SSH data by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR analysis. According to the Gene Ontology convention, 237 unique genes were classified into 10 functional groups, such as stress/defense response, protein metabolism, transcription and post-transcription, rubber biosynthesis, etc. Among the genes with known function, the genes preferentially expressed were associated with stress/defense response in the reverse library, whereas metabolism and energy in the forward one.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The genes associated with TPD were identified by SSH method in this research. Systematic analyses of the genes related to TPD suggest that the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ubiquitin proteasome pathway, programmed cell death and rubber biosynthesis might play important roles in TPD. Therefore, our results not only enrich information about the genes related to TPD, but also provide new insights into understanding the TPD process in rubber tree.</p

catena-Poly[[[[N′-(4-cyano­benzyl­idene)nicotinohydrazide]silver(I)]-μ-[N′-4-cyano­benzyl­idene)nicotinohydrazide]] hexa­fluoridoarsenate]

In the title compound, {[Ag(C14H10N4O)2]AsF6}n, the AgI ion is coordinated by two N atoms from two different pyridyl rings and one N atom from one carbonitrile group of three different N′-(4-cyano­benzyl­idene)nicotinohydrazide ligands in a distorted T-shaped geometry. The Ag—Ncarbonitrile bond distance is significant longer than those of Ag—Npyrid­yl. The bond angles around the AgI atom are also not in line with those in an ideal T-shaped geometry. One type of ligand acts as the bridge that connects AgI atoms into chains along [01]. These chains are linked to each other via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and Ag⋯O inter­actions with an Ag⋯O separation of 2.869 (2) Å. In addition, the [AsF6]− counter-anions are linked to the hydrazone groups through N—H⋯F hydrogen bonds. Four of the F atoms of the [AsF6]− anion are disordered over two sets of sites with occupancies of 0.732 (9) and 0.268 (9)

NG2 cells response to axonal alteration in the spinal cord white matter in mice with genetic disruption of neurofilament light subunit expression

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (NG2) expressing cells, morphologically characterized by multi-branched processes and small cell bodies, are the 4^thcommonest cell population of non-neuronal cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). They can interact with nodes of Ranvier, receive synaptic input, generate action potential and respond to some pathological stimuli, but the function of the cells is still unclear. We assumed the NG2 cells may play an active role in neuropathogenesis and aimed to determine if NG2 cells could sense and response to the alterations in the axonal contents caused by disruption of neurofilament light subunit (NFL) expression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the early neuropathological development stage, our study showed that the diameter of axons of upper motor neurons of NFL-/- mice decreased significantly while the thickness of their myelin sheath increased remarkably. Although there was an obvious morphological distortion in axons with occasionally partial demyelination, no obvious changes in expression of myelin proteins was detected. Parallel to these changes in the axons and their myelination, the processes of NG2 cells were disconnected from the nodes of Ranvier and extended further, suggesting that these cells in the spinal cord white matter could sense the alteration in axonal contents caused by disruption of NFL expression before astrocytic and microglial activation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The structural configuration determined by the NFL gene may be important for maintenance of normal morphology of myelinated axons. The NG2 cells might serve as an early sensor for the delivery of information from impaired neurons to the local environment.</p

N-(5-Amino-1H-tetra­zol-1-yl)formamide

In the title compound, C2H4N6O, the planar [maximum deviation = 0.006 (2) Å] amino­tetra­zole group makes a dihedral angle of 83.65 (8)° with the formamide unit. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯N, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds are responsible for the formation of a three-dimensional network

Angular Reconstruction of a Lead Scintillating-Fiber Sandwiched Electromagnetic Calorimeter

A new method called Neighbor Cell Deposited Energy Ratio (NCDER) is proposed to reconstruct incidence position in a single layer for a 3-dimensional imaging electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL).This method was applied to reconstruct the ECAL test beam data for the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-02 (AMS-02). The results show that this method can achieve an angular resolution of 7.36\pm 0.08 / \sqrt(E) \oplus 0.28 \pm 0.02 degree in the determination of the photons direction, which is much more precise than that obtained with the commonly-adopted Center of Gravity(COG) method (8.4 \pm 0.1 /sqrt(E) \oplus 0.8\pm0.3 degree). Furthermore, since it uses only the properties of electromagnetic showers, this new method could also be used for other type of fine grain sampling calorimeters.Comment: 6 pages, 8 figure